Loopholes in Afghanistans War Against Terrorism Agreement free essay sample

A discussion on the way in which the Afghanistan government does not benefit from allowing military attacks and siding with the U.S. in the war against terrorism. This paper analyzes the Afghans government agreement to cooperate with the U.S. government in capturing terrorists and outlines some of the loopholes in this agreement. The writer also offers suggestions for these loopholes. `First of all, the strategy will not appeal to the Muslim world. Ever since the beginning, Ladens objective was to dispel the Western Union. Realizing Islamic fundamentalists as well as sentimentalist jihads in the Asian region, Laden saw great potential for setting up his control center. Why he chose United States in particular because the nation represent Western culture. Its status among trade communities is highly influential. Laden wants to disperse the Western notion that they are greater then the Muslims. He found himself an ally in the form of Al-Queda, set up by Mullah ?. We will write a custom essay sample on Loopholes in Afghanistans War Against Terrorism Agreement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page `

Examining The Green Paper Every Child Matters Social Work Essays

Examining The Green Paper Every Child Matters Social Work Essays Examining The Green Paper Every Child Matters Social Work Essay Examining The Green Paper Every Child Matters Social Work Essay In 2003, the authorities published a Green Paper called Every Child Matters. This was published alongside the formal response to the study into the decease of Victoria Climbie , the immature miss who was horrifically abused, tortured, and finally killed by her great aunt and the adult male with whom they lived. The Every Child Matters ( ECM ) Green Paper identified the five results that are most of import to kids and immature people, which include being healthy, remaining safe, basking and accomplishing, doing a positive part and accomplishing economic wellbeing. These five results are cosmopolitan aspirations for every kid and immature individual, whatever their background and fortunes ( DfES, 2003 ) . The results are reciprocally reenforcing, for illustration kids and immature people learn to boom when they are healthy, safe and engaged, and the grounds shows clearly that educational accomplishment is the most effectual path out of poorness ( DfES, 2003 ) . Therefore in this essa y I am traveling to critically measure the current statute law, policies and processs that impact on looked-after kids ( LAC ) with mention to two of the five ECM results: being healthy and basking and accomplishing. CONTEXT FOR LAC Under the Children Act 1989, a kid is looked after by a local authorization if he/she is in their attention or provided with adjustment for more than 24 hours by the local authorization. This includes kids who are accommodated under a voluntary understanding with their parents ( subdivision 20 ) , kids who are the topic of a attention order ( subdivision 31 ) or interim attention order ( subdivision 38 ) and kids who are the topic of exigency orders ( subdivision 44 ) ( opsi.gov.uk ) .A The Department for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) national statistics for LAC in England ( including acceptance and attention departers ) for the twelvemonth stoping 31 March 2009 noted that there were about 60,900 LAC, which is 2 % more than last twelvemonth s figure of 59,400 and comparatively unchanged compared to 2005 ( 61,000 ) . The bulk ( 73 % ) of kids were of White British beginning, with the staying 27 per cent being from a assortment of other cultural backgrounds ( DCSF, 2009 ) . The bulk of LAC 73 per cent are looked after by surrogate carers, with 1 in 6 of these placed with household and friends. A little figure of kids ( 290 in 2007 ) live in secure kids s places, either as welfare arrangements or placed by the Youth Justice Board. About a 3rd of kids ( 30 % ) are placed outside of their local authorization boundary, although around half of these still live within 20 stat mis of their place. This has deductions for how services are commissioned for these ki ds. The authorities hence developed policies and statute law which highlight a thrust towards significantly bettering the future results of all LAC. Health OF LOOKED-AFTER CHILDREN It is of import to observe that kids and immature people should bask the best physical, emotional, mental and religious wellness and development so that they feel good about themselves and their lives ( CYPNow, 2009 ) . The National Service Framework for Children and Young People ( DoH, 2004 ) besides states that all kids should accomplish the best physical and emotional wellbeing. But research has shown that LAC s physical and mental wellness is known to be significantly poorer than that of the general kid population. LAC are amongst the most socially excluded of all immature people. They are often reported in authorities research, policy and counsel to hold greater demands than their equals yet are less likely to have equal health care and intervention ( DoH, 2004 ) . Meltzer et Al. ( 2003 ) found that about two-thirds of all LAC were reported to hold at least one physical ailment. The most often reported were oculus and/or sight jobs, address or linguistic communication jobs, bed-wetting ( including among older kids ) , trouble with coordination, and asthma ( DCSF, 2008 ) . A survey analyzing the immunization position of over 3,000 kids looked after by nine wellness governments across England found that they were more than twice every bit likely as kids populating at place non to hold received the meningococcal C vaccinum ( Hill, Mather et al. , 2003 ) . A survey in Wales reported that kids who had been in public attention for at least six months were significantly less likely than kids populating in their ain places to hold received immunizations against lockjaw, whooping cough and infantile paralysis ( DoH, 2002 ) . However all these surveies were undertaken in the early 2000s and betterments in the wellness demands of vulnerable immature people have since been recorded by most local governments. For illustration, the mean immunization rate rose from 76.5 per cent in 2005 to 80 per cent in 2007 ( DoH, 2008 ) . This addition was influenced by the launch of the Quality Protects Initiative ( 1998 ) and the 2002 Department of Health Guidance on Promoting the Health of LAC which influenced many local governments in the state to hold local wellness squads dedicated to working with LAC. This holistic theoretical account of wellness in the 2002 counsel uses the spheres of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their households ( DH, 2000b ) . This is merged with the LAC system to make the Integrated Children s System ( DH, 2002 ) which provides the common model for appraisal, intercession and planning for all kids in demand including LAC. The counsel provinces that when a kid enters th e attention system, they should have a wellness appraisal by a registered medical practician within 14 yearss, which provides a footing for a wellness program which will so be reviewed yearly ( DH, 2002 ) . The mental wellness demands of LAC are widely known to be greater than those of the general population ( Utting et al. , 1997 ) . Meltzer et Al. ( 2003 ) found that 45 per cent of LAC aged 5 to 17 were assessed as holding a mental upset compared to 10 per cent of the general population, while a study by the National Foundation for Educational Research ( 2009 ) found that many attention departers were enduring from mental wellness jobs ( CYPNow, 2009 ) . Early household experiences which may hold resulted in the immature individual being in attention, coupled with experiences within the attention system such as frequent arrangement moves, strong-arming and maltreatment, may lend to the high degrees of mental wellness demands of LAC ( Minty 1999 cited in Callahan et al. , 2003 ) . In order to run into the demands of LAC with mental wellness jobs, the Care Matters White Paper stated that the authorities will utilize statutory counsel to guarantee CAMHS ( Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services ) provide targeted and dedicated proviso that suitably prioritises kids in attention . But the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( NSPCC ) saw a startling disagreement between assessed demands and service proviso for mental wellness. Research shows that up to 17, 000 kids in attention who have mental or emotional wellness demands received no support from CAMHS in 2006-07, go forthing them reliant on voluntary sector proviso ( Ward et al. , 2002 ) . A figure of grounds are suggested to explicate this mismatch of demands and services. First, many general CAMHS usage rigorous referral standards to find the rightness of referrals, and will merely accept immature people who meet those standards. Long waiting lists farther complicate issues for immature people, and are an obvious manner in which general CAMHS are unresponsive to the demands of vulnerable immature people. Typically, immature people are referred at a clip of crisis. Although it is non needfully allow for CAMHS to be wholly crisis responsive, it is however improbably of import for vulnerable immature people to have aid at the point when they try to prosecute the system. Besides many CAMHS services do non supply intervention at all for kids in short-run arrangements or those deemed non stable, despite the fact that behavioral or emotional jobs may forestall a kid accomplishing stableness. The consequence will be that each clip a kid moves arrangement they will hold to be re-referred to CAMHS and get down at the underside of long waiting lists ( Ward et al. , 2002 ) . For attention departers, it was noted that conflicting theoretical accounts of pattern between kid, stripling and grownup mental wellness services and higher thresholds for referrals into grownup services affected professionals ability to supply attention departers with proper support ( CYPNow, 2009 ) . Specialist squads and practicians can better the service kids in attention receive from mental wellness services by supplying fast response and appraisal, audience to carers and societal workers, placement support, and priceless protagonism, every bit good as intervention ( DoH, 2002 ) . Besides professionals and carers who work with vulnerable people need to be trained as they frequently find it hard to place mental wellness demands and to do appropriate referrals ( Minnis and Del Priore 2001, cited in Harper and Dwivedi, 2004 ) . The Audit Commission ( 1999 ) maintains that CAMHS should be planned in concurrence with other bureaus, as the mental wellness of kids and immature people is the duty of all those straight involved with kids and non merely the duty of CAMHS ( DfES, 2004 ) , and this is in line with the Integrated Children s System and the National Service Framework for Children and Young People ( DfES, 2004 ) . EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES OF LOOKED-AFTER CHILDREN The importance of basking a good educational experience is cardinal for all kids, and could be argued to be paramount for LAC and immature people. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, article 28 ( 1 ) provinces that all kids have the equal right to instruction ( cited by UNICEF, 2006 ) . Jackson ( 1994 ) cited in Blyth and Milner ( 1996 ) points out that it is merely through school that kids earn a passport to a different sort of future as it improves the chances for their employment, fiscal independency, personal and household life and wellness and wellbeing ) .Those without instruction are at a personal and institutional disadvantage.A This is said to be one of the grounds why parents care so passionately: why they move house, take out insurance and even put on the line political animadversion to direct their kids to a school of their pick. Are local governments prepared to do comparable forfeits in their function as parents? Are they inspired to procure a different sort of hereafter for their kids? ( Blyth and Milner, 1996 ) Research shows that LAC achieve significantly poorer educational results than other kids. It has been noted that, in 2008-09, merely 44 per cent of LAC had at least 1 GSCE or GNVQ compared to 46 per cent in 2007-8, and merely 7 per cent obtained at least 5 GCSEs at class A* to C, a figure which has remained the same over the last few old ages ( DSCF, 2009 ) . Even though the authorities has initiated some policies and strategies to better the educational attainment of LAC, wide-scale betterment has been much slower than anticipated. Some of the policies initiated include Quality Protects ( 1998 ) , Children ( Leaving Care ) Act 2000, the Care Standards Act 2000, Every Child Matters Green Paper 2003 taking to the Children Act 2004, Education and Inspections Act 2006 and Care Matters: Time for Change White Paper 2007. Hayden ( 2005 ) states that the chief grounds for hapless educational results include: unequal corporate parenting, the attention environment, a failure to prioritize instruction, inappropriate outlooks, arrangement instability and disrupted schooling every bit good as pre-care experiences ( Hayden, 2005: 343 ) . The Social Exclusion Unit study A Better Education for Children in Care identified cardinal countries for action based on bettering the educational attainment of kids in attention. One was to understate school absenteeism and exclusion of LAC in schools. This has been addressed by the Social Exclusion Policy Unit which was launched in 1997 and the Guidance on the Education of Young People in Public Care ( 2000 ) which states that LAC should non be for good excluded and that exclusion is to be used merely as a last resort ( DfES, 2000 ) . Although national marks were set to cut down the figure of school exclusions by one tierce before the twelvemonth 2002, the graduated table of the job is difficult to quantify. Statisticss on kids for good excluded represent merely a proportion of exclusions, but over recent old ages Numberss appear to hold been lifting systematically, particularly among younger students. Social disadvantage is a common subject: kids in public attention, travelers, immature carers and kids with SEN, African Caribbean students and male childs are peculiarly at hazard. It has been estimated that up to 30 % of kids in public attention are out of mainstream instruction at any minute whether through exclusion or hooky ( DH, 2000 ) . Separate on-site support units have yet to hold much positive impact on exclusion or suspension figures, though school-based societal workers and instruction public assistance officers have been shown to be effectual ( Department of Health research in pattern, 2000 ) . The usage of designated instructors to work with LAC in schools was introduced by the authorities counsel Supporting and Promoting the Education Achievement of Young People in Public Care ( 2000 ) , and is besides stated in subdivision 20 of the Children and Young Persons Act 2008. The function of the designated instructor is to move as an advocator for LAC within their school and to work in partnership with other professionals when fixing a Personal Education Plan ( PEP ) . The Social Exclusion Unit ( SEU ) study found that although some schools actively promoted the usage of designated instructors, other schools provided designated instructors with few or no extra resources ( SEU, 2003 ) . Fletcher-Campbell et Al. ( 2003 ) cited in Petch ( 2009 ) found that there were troubles in guaranting that all kids in attention really had a PEP. Some instructors interviewed in their survey felt that PEPs were merely a paper exercising. Harker et Al. ( 2003 ) reported a deficiency of apprehension in some schools of the PEPs and the designated instructor s function. Merely 42 per cent of the immature people in their survey had heard of PEPs, and non all of those really had one. Out-of-school-hours educational support and extra-curricular activities can hold a positive consequence on educational results and can play an of import function in guaranting that looked-after immature people are enjoying and accomplishing , an of import aim in Every Child Matters ( DfES, 2003 ) . Article 31 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child besides states that all kids have the right to take part in leisure, cultural and artistic activities ( UNICEF, 2008 ) . However, research has shown that current out-of-school-hours survey support and extra-curricular proviso for looked-after kids vary a great trade by country. The Social Exclusion Unit found that merely three quarters of the 2,000 kids in attention that it surveyed had entree to after-school activities and nines, and merely two tierces used them ( SEU, 2003 ) . Those populating in residential places or with parents, as opposed to further carers, had lower degrees of entree. Similarly, a survey of athletics found that more than one tierce of LAC non presently playing athletics would wish to, and 91 per cent of immature people in attention who were questioned identified at least one barrier to engagement that they personally faced: cost ( Who Cares? Trust, 2004 ) . The authorities developed the Department for Education and Skills Guidance ( DfES 2006 ) which states that schools can utilize their delegated budgets to subsidize drawn-out activities that conveying an educational benefit for vulnerable kids and immature people, including LAC. The Green Paper Care Matters: Transforming the Lifes of Children and Young People ( DfES, 2006 ) besides encouraged local governments to supply free entree for kids in attention to all their installations including leisure Centres, athleticss evidences and young person nines. However, the impact of these commissariats on out-of-school-hours larning activities for LAC seems to change across different schools and local governments and still needs to be closely monitored. On attention departers, surveies have shown that the effects of neglecting to obtain educational makings are really serious, frequently reprobating immature people to life on the borders of society ( Biehal et al. , 1995 ) . Their opportunities to hold a good and stable life are damaged by the deficiency of support and services offered whilst in attention and during the critical passage to adult life. Since the pioneering research of Stein and Carey ( 1986 ) cited in Biehal et al. , 2004, the troubles and challenges confronting immature people go forthing attention have been more widely recognised. For illustration, attention departers make up 30 per cent of stateless immature people ( Hutson, 1997 ) . An enquiry by the Howard League into the usage of prison detention for adolescent misss found that 40 per cent of 15- to 17-year-olds had been in attention ( Biehal, et Al, 1995 ) . These effects are non short-run ; with fewer occupations available for ill educated people, the employment chances of those once in attention get increasingly worse as they grow older and their chances for engagement in mainstream society lessening ( Biehal et al. , 1995 ) . However, even though there is grounds of some advancement in GCSE public presentation and in post-16 instruction and employment since the debut of the Children ( Leaving Care ) Act 2000 ( Petch, 2009 ) , studies indicate that many immature people are still go forthing attention early and that the chief elements of passage to adulthood be given to be compressed and accelerated ( McNeish et al. , 2002 ) . This therefore shows that societal workers and other professionals involved with kids in attention still necessitate to make a batch in doing certain that immature people are given all the support they need before traveling out of attention. The importance of inter-agency working among professionals working with LAC has been stressed in legion policies and statute law to better their results. For illustration, the Audit Commission study, Seen but non Heard ( 1994 ) , cited in Alcock et Al. ( 2008 ) stressed the necessity to accept shared duty when reacting to the educational demands of LAC and immature people: Social Services and instruction demand to accept joint ownership of the job of disrupted instruction of LAC and work together to happen solutions ( Audit Commission, 1994, p. 25 ) . Most late there has been Working Together to Safeguard Children ( 2006 ) , which states that, a shared duty and the demand for effectual articulation working between bureaus and professionals that have different functions and expertness are required if kids are to be protected from injury and their public assistance promoted ( DCSF, 2006: p.10 ) . Successful inter-agency working is non ever achieved as societal workers and instructors have different professional civilizations, and in today s universe have separate marks and ends, which are set by the Government. Current policies have identified societal workers as being cardinal to bettering the criterions of LAC s instruction, as they advocate on behalf of LAC, initiate Personal Education Plans, arrange LAC reappraisals and liaise with all professionals involved in a LAC s life. However the attitudes and actions of societal workers have been considered as causal to the hapless accomplishment of LAC. Specifically they have been cri ticised for giving instruction a low precedence, holding low outlooks of LAC and neglecting to value the importance of instruction as a manner of bettering self-esteem ( Iwaniec and Hill, 2000 ) . Aldgate et Al. ( 1993 ) reported that merely 2 % of societal workers consider the support of educational attainment as an of import facet of their occupation. Harker et Al. ( 2003 ) besides suggest that the force per unit areas of a societal worker s heavy caseload may ensue in them giving greater precedence to issues they consider to be more of import than the instruction of LAC. Decision Even though the authorities has launched a figure of enterprises to better the wellness and educational results of LAC, advancement has been slow and there is a deficiency of consistence across the state. Multi-disciplinary working has been identified as being cardinal to guaranting that LAC are provided with the best chance to make their full potency. The General Social Care Council ( GSCC ) codification of pattern provinces that societal workers should recognize and esteem the functions and expertness of workers from other bureaus and working in partnership with them ( GSCC, 2002 ) . However, this is non ever go oning, as hapless communicating between societal workers and instructors has been cited as a cause for concern in a figure of surveies. Therefore societal work practicians need to reevaluate their degree of communicating and to be cognizant of the bing policies and counsel to guarantee best pattern and recommend efficaciously for their kids.