Essay about Analysis of an Extract from William...

Analysis of an Extract from William Shakespeares Othello In the play Othello, four characters are murdered. The character Iago, who manipulated certain characters into wanting to kill them. Desdemona, Emilia, Othello, and Roderigo, are killed. Iago originally did this out of jealousy of Othello and Roderigo. The deaths of these four characters were inevitable. There was justice in this play for all of the characters who were involved in the killing of the four characters. Act V Scene II in many ways represents the emotional climax of the play. The events which have preceded this point have led Othello to the decision to kill his beautiful wife Desdemona. The major themes of this act are†¦show more content†¦The sight of Desdemona lining asleep makes it even more difficult for Othello to commit her murder. Shakespeare makes expert uses of simile to paint a picture of pristine beauty and innocence whiter skin of hers than snow. This creates an image of a snow covered landscape unspoiled by any signs of life. This whiteness is also representative to innocent in a similar manner to a bride on her wedding day. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦smooth as monumental alabaster creates the image of unblemished innocence. Shakespeare is successful through the use of these similes in creating in the readers mind the idea of innocence asleep on the bed. We understand why Othello struggles with the felling of love and hate. Yet she must die Shakespeare makes use of constructs to jolt the reader out of the revelry of innocence. These words seem very harsh and bring back to us the reality of what Othello has come to do. Othello wishes to restore Desdemona to the pedestal on which he had put her by killing her Othello thought only the memory of her former purity would remain. Having destroyed her physical body he felt would detach her from her physical sin that he though she was guilty of Shakespeare makes interesting use of metaphor. He refers to Desdemona asShow MoreRelatedThe Obsessive Nature Of The Love Felt By Othello, By William Shakespeare2617 Words   |  11 Pagesthree texts seem to contain a fundamental principle which acts as a barrier for ‘love’ – whether it be religiously, culturally or evolutionary. Firstly, it is difficult to identify the obsessive nature of the love felt by Othello, at the beginning of William Shakespeare’s Othello, as his love towards Desdemona could be interpreted as ‘agape’ or certainly be seen as unconditional since the couplet persistently demonstrate a meaningful, more philosophical love towards one another. When used by ChristiansRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 Pagesplay and will help you to develop your skills of textual analysis. This unit focuses mainly on Acts 1 and 2 of the play. You should make sure that you have read these two acts of the play before you read the unit. The edition of the play that is used in this unit is the Pearson Longman (2009) edition, edited by Monica Kendall. However, there are free versions available online that you may prefer to use. This unit is an adapted extract from the Open University course A230 Reading and studying literatureRead MorePlay Macbeth11979 Words   |  48 Pagesout his ambitious nature, but he struggles with killing the king. By attacking his manhood, Lady Macbeth convinces him to committ the first of his evil deeds. Macbeths evil deed causes him to suffer from fear and guilt, which leads to even more evil crimes. Then Macbeth becomes paranoid, suffering from hallucinations and sleeplessness. He becomes less human as he tries over and over to establish his manhood. His ruthlessness in killing Banquo and Macduffs family shows how perverted his idea of manlinessRead MorePlay Macbeth11985 Words   |  48 Pagesout his ambitious nature, but he struggles with killing the king. By attacking his manhood, Lady Macbeth convinces him to committ the first of his evil deeds. Macbeths evil deed causes him to suffer from fear and guilt, which leads to even more evil crimes. Then Macbeth becomes paranoid, s uffering from hallucinations and sleeplessness. He becomes less human as he tries over and over to establish his manhood. His ruthlessness in killing Banquo and Macduffs family shows how perverted his idea of manlinessRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesConnections to a wider spectrum of professionals ( greater insight into issue at hand †¢ E.g. 2008 U.S. Presidential Elections (bloggers provide personal opinions about who was likely to win but New York Times invited experts to do a state-by-state analysis presenting results in a full-page spread, culminating in a detailed map showing states Democrats were likely to win) †¢ Anonymity: given free rein to publish any thought that comes to mind †¢ E.g. For every worthwhile video present on the site

Will I Survive High School - 1184 Words

Year 7 Life You walk into the school, on the first day. Can you hear that? It’s the ring of the bell. Ding†¦ding†¦ding! Or something like that. You’ll hear the school bell ring 10 times a day! Butterflies and nerves start filling your stomach and your whole body in a matter of seconds. Your heart starts beating and thumping 100 kilometres an hour, as loud as a jumbo jet. Thoughts start racing through your mind- â€Å"Am I going to make friends?† â€Å"Will I survive high school?† Those sort of questions aren’t as rare as most people might think. All the nerves, the worries and negative thoughts are very common and shared amongst most, if not all Year 7 students transitioning into high school. There’s so much to think about. The homework, the social life, the workload, and much more! That’s why in Term 1, all Year 7s are split up into several groups, and each group is provided with 2 Peer Support Leaders. Each group will be taken out of class once a week, and they will be shown around the school. The teachers, the classrooms and the students. All Peer Support Leaders are hand-picked, ensuring that all Year 7 students have the smoothest transition possible into their new lives at high school. â€Å"Is there a lot of homework?† That is the question on so many young minds of incoming students. That question does tend to cross most young minds upon transition into secondary school, and when the question is answered, a whole lot of weight is lifted off many people’s shoulders. Answering thatShow MoreRelatedFormal Education Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pageseducation do you think we need to survive? It is two types of education you need to survive. You need a formal education which is the grade level and learning from a teacher. The other type is life lessons. If you get a job with no high school education you will get paid less money. Formal education and life skills are necessary if you do not want to get played and if you want to make money. Gayle Allen said in her article â€Å"The skills students need to survive and thrive,† that â€Å"Hiring well isRead MoreEssay on Beals’ Reflection and Analysis1151 Words   |  5 PagesCentral High S chool, the highly segregated school in Arkansas in 1957. Despite the many objections from the segregationists and the Governor Faubus, the nine students were able to complete the school year. During the school year of 1957 – 1958, Melba and eight other African-American students received tremendous harassments from the Central High students, parents, administrators, and segregationists. Beals’ mother almost lost her, because she supported her daughter’s decision to attend Central High. PresidentRead MoreAlices Adventures in Wonderland1304 Words   |  5 Pagescommon feature of madness, yet the nonsense of this novel relates to the nonsense of Lowell High School, a public school that piles bricks of pressure on their students leading them to madness. Although, Alices Adventures in Wonderland contains a series of puzzles that seem unsolvable, it symbolizes a strong foundation that helps Lowell High School ninth graders gain knowledge about surviving the competitiv e school. Out of the whimsical growth changes of Alice, a ninth grader learns to present themselvesRead MoreHigh School Is The Best Time Of Your Life1215 Words   |  5 PagesI will never understand when someone says they miss high school, or when adults tell you that high school is the best time of your life. My five years in high school were the worst years of my life. The only good thing I can remember about high school is meeting my best friend. However, that only happened in my fourth year, so I was basically a loner for more than half of high school. Fun. Let’s rewind through time to when I was a 12-year-old girl starting high school. Not the worst year, surprisinglyRead MoreThe Importance Of Endurance In Literature1066 Words   |  5 Pagesword: endurer, meaning continued existence, an ability to last. Without endurance many would not be able to accomplish goals, make new inventions, or survive through a traumatic event. The cattle industry would not have changed for the better if Temple Grandin had given up. If the Little Rock Nine decided to retreat, there would still be segregated schools. And if all soldiers decided they would just give up instead of fighting, there would not be a free, independent country called the United StatesRead MoreWhy Is It So Hard For Do Survive College? Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesWhy is it so hard to do survive college? Why are there so many student that complain that they it’s not for them? Well the reason is because they don’t know the right way to survive the go in blindly a nd think it just going to be like high school. Wrong it not and trust me I have learned in my short time that I have attended college. But with these easy steps I think that you may be able to make out alive. The first step is to start training early before the semester even starts. Meaning duringRead MoreAre You Nervous For Jr. High Can Be A Nasty Place?868 Words   |  4 PagesAre you nervous for Jr. High? Does your heart race at the speed of light when someone merely mentions it? Well, you don’t have to be scared anymore. I’m going to show you how to survive these intimidating three years, including everything you need to know for Jr High. There are many, many things you must know to survive, but two main things are being social and having study skills. I will introduce these mandatory rules to you. Jr. High can be a nasty place. Notice how I said can? You control howRead MoreThe Five Basic Needs In Speak, By Laurie Halse Anderson1103 Words   |  5 Pagesher from doing the things that make her high school Freshman experience the way it was. All of these needs can be gained through hard times and experience. Keep reading to see how each need affects Melinda in her freshman year of high school. In the novel Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson, Melinda is starting off her first year at Merryweather High, where she is trying to survive. Anderson’s character Melinda shows how she survives her family life, high school, and friends. In chapter twentyfour inRead MoreInventing Elliot As An Organized Process963 Words   |  4 Pagesand survival are all ideas displayed in the story. Inventing Elliot has been read by many, it is of high quality bringing the text to life. Inventing Elliot was written by Graham Gardener who envisions bullying as an organised process. 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Central Bank and Monetary Policy

Question: Discuss about theCentral Bank and Monetary Policy. Answer: Introduction Central banks play a significant role in ensuring the economic stability and robust financial system of the country. The following report highlights the role of central bank of Australia in regulating the financial system and economic environment within the country and the regulatory requirements imposed on the bank in performing its responsibilities. It further outlines the importance of monetary policy and its impact on the asset value and yields. Further, the importance of leverage in context of banks is discussed along with the role of ADIs and Basel Accords in addressing the risk faced by banks that are inherent in the banking system. Role of Central Bank in Australia in Implementing Monetary Policy The Reserve Bank of Australia acts as the central bank. It has accountable to make the monetary policy. This policy is effective to maintain the tough financial structure. Besides, it makes the regulation to provide the banking services to several public body, overseas banks and authorized institute. Furthermore, the major role of the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) is manage the gold and Forex reserves of Australia. Their role and function are regulated by the two different boards named the Reserve Bank Board (RBB) and the Payments System Board (PSB) (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2016). In the section 10 (2) and 11(1), RBB makes obligation about the financial policy. In this way, section 10(2) defines the responsibilities of the RBB. These duties are related to maintaining the constancy in Australian currency, full employment and economic wealth of the Australia. Moreover, section 11(1) of the act explains the requirements to discuss with the Government. In this regards, it can be opined that the RBB occasionally informs the Government about the monetary policy (Gorajek and Turner, 2010). On the other side, in section 10B (3), payments system board (PSB) defined that the payments system policy of the bank facilitates the great benefits to the Australian. Besides this board will controlling the risk in the financial system. It also promoted the rivalry in the marketplace regarding the payment services (Tricker, 2015). Regulatory Requirements Imposed on the RBA in Performing their Responsibilities The Reserve Bank of Australia is itself an apex institution that sets rules and regulations for effective governance of financial and banking system, payments system, and other fiscal matters. However, the decisions of the RBA affect the public and other business, thus, even RBA is accountable. As such certain regulatory requirements are also imposed in the RBA under the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013. This act places a positive duty on RBA to cooperate with other entities, and not operate in isolation, to achieve common objectives. Additionally, the Governor has to present a report annually to the Treasurer for presentation to the Parliament (The Parliament of the CommonWealth of Australia, 2013). Moreover, RBA is accountable to The Parliament of the CommonWealth of Australia for its actions and has to consult with the Australian Government regarding monetary and banking policy as per the norms of the Reserve Bank Act 1959. The RBA also has to maintain transparency in its communication (RBA, 2016). Economic Position of Australia, Monetary Policy and its Effects The Australian economy is experiencing an economic growth rate of 3.1% with inflation rate stuck at 1.3% and cash rate of 1.75% (RBA, 2016). The economy is experience economic growth. However, substantially low inflation level is negatively impacting the exchange rates and bond yields. Moreover, there is a fair chance that the economy will get stuck into deflationary spiral (Gerber and Shapiro, 2016). Thus, the monetary policy of the RBA is aimed towards bring the inflation level in the range of 2% to 3% on an average. At this rate, the inflation will be sufficient low that it will not adversely impact the economy. However, as the economy is experiencing low level of inflation, increasing the inflation with the help of appropriate monetary policy will give a short-term stimulus to the economy so as to increase its economic activity. In this regard, the RBA has adopted easy monetary policy and has reduced its cash rate to 1.75 % to support domestic demand in the economy. As such low levels of cash rate, savings are discouraged and spending is encouraged to increase the aggregate demand in the economy (RBA, 2016). The monetary policy implemented by the RBA directly affects the cash rate which in turn affects interest rate in the economy which further affects the asset values. It subsequently affects the wealth and spending decision of the people and firms. Besides this, it is defined that if the interest rates are high, then it can be anticipated that it will lead to decline in the values of various assets. Along with this reduction in prices of assets, it could be anticipated that there will reduce spending as wealth of the people would be less in this scenario. Further, borrowing capacity of those assets that were used as security for loans would be also reduced (Hollifield, et al., 2014). However, these results could be very different in the real world. This is certainly not true that asset prices respond instinctively to modification in interest rates. There are several factors that influence the asset values such as changes in expectations and general business cycle circumstances. Furthermore, the effect of asset prices on spending decisions is also quite variable. The reason behind it is that there are some factors that modify the asset prices (Downes, et al., 2014). Therefore, it can be said that in the initial phase of the asset price cycle, asset prices increase that facilitates to expand the security and increase growth in credit and spending. In this case, these effects are closely associated with the credit supply channel. Importance of Leverage and Impact on Central Bank Practices Leverage holds a significant place in case of banks and financial institutions because borrowing and lending is what they exist for (Gans et al., 2011). Banks are amongst the most leveraged institutions as debt forms greater portion than banks own capital in process of asset financing. A bank lends out money that was deposited by its customers. In views of the Reserve Bank of Australia governor, leverage matters because a high level of leverage increases the risk of loss of depositors money in case of any economic turbulence. It was because of unchecked leverage created by the banks that allowed the relatively small asset class of subprime mortgages to trigger a crisis like that of 2007-2009. Thus, the level of attention paid to leverage ratios has increased since then and banks are being subject to stricter norms related to capital requirements and reserve ratios. There is an increasing pressure on banks to finance its assets through its own capital rather than debt to create greate r shock absorbing capacity in case of loss. Moreover, a leverage target helps to regulate the volume by naturally limiting the amount of loans made because it is rather difficult and expensive to raise capital than it is to borrow funds (Haswell, 2016). In conclusion, the Reserve bank of Australia uses leverage and capital adequacy ratios to check the level of leverage. These ratios indicate the financial health of banks and show the amount of free equity with the bank to deal with crisis (Lannin, 2015). To ensure that assets are financed with banks own capital, including common equity tier one assets like equity and reserves, rather than borrowed capital, the banks are aiming core equity tier one ratios of 8.5% so as to increase the financial strength of the banks and reducing the risk of losses that would fall to the shareholders and the RBA plays a significant role in ensuring that adequate leverage is maintained by the banks (Carney, 2013). Role of ADIs in Dealing with Risks Authorised Deposit-taking Institutions (ADIs) are institutions sanctioned to accept deposits from customers under the Banking Act 1959. These institutions include banks, building societies and credit unions. As they accept and lend money to their customers/members, they are subject to risks arising out of such transactions. These risks include credit, liquidity, operating and interest rate risks. Credit risk is defined as the risk in which borrower fails to meet their contractual obligations related to making the interest and principal payments at the scheduled time. Therefore, they are unable to meet the terms and conditions of the loan agreement (Turner, 2011). To reduce this risk, ADIs use risk-weights on its assets and exposures for capital adequacy purpose. These risk-weights are based on credit rating grades provided by external credit assessment institutions on the probability of default on the part of other party (APRA, 2013). Operating risk is defined as the uncertainties that may occur in the actual operations of the banks due to inadequate internal procedures, people and arrangements or from external affairs (BIS, 2011). Hence, ADIs acts in accordance with the several prudential standards set by APRA. It includes standards with respect to the acceptable governance, risk management and internal control arrangements. Besides this, ADIs sets out the prudential standards that specify the minimum capital requirement based on their risk profile. Thus, they are required to maintain an adequate internal capital buffer to withstand adverse shocks posed by operational risks to protect its creditors (Turner, 2011). Liquidity risk arises when the bank does not know about the borrower request and also unaware that when and how depositors withdrawn the money. It is stated that to deal with liquidity risk in ADIs, APS210 was established in 1998. Under this framework, each bank is required to maintain the given percentage of liabilities in the form of government securities, cash and deposit with the RBA (Hull, 2012). In this way, it includes a different strategy to manage the liquidity such as setting a limit on maturity mismatches, holding liquid assets, diversifying liquidity sources and developing assets sales strategy. Interest rate risk arises due to fluctuations in interest rate in the Australian economy. In this case, ADIs deal with the problem to match the asset and liabilities structure. Besides this, it attracts the longer-term depositors and reduces the asset maturity in order to deal with the interest rate risk. Another approach used by the ADIs is to set up loans with variable interest rates in building society loans for housing (Akhter and Hasan, 2015). Role of BASEL Accords in Dealing with Risks The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision was formed in 1974 by the governors of central banks of the G10 countries in the wake of breakdown of the Bretton Woods system of regulated exchange rates in 1973. The committee was established as a forum for regular cooperation on banking regulatory affairs with the purpose to improve the quality of banking supervision around the globe. For this, the committee formulates standards, guidelines and recommendations for sound banking practices. These standards are popularly known as Basel Accords. Until now, the committee has provided three Basel norms namely, Basel I, Basel II and Basel III. These Accords help the banks in mitigating different risks associated with banking practices like credit risks, liquidity risks, etc. (BIS, 2015). Basel I: In 1988, the committee published a set of minimum capital requirements for banks, the Basel Capital Accords to address the problem of credit risk. This Accord called for minimum capital ratio of 8% to be implemented by banks by the end of 1992. Further, in 1996, the committee incorporate a capital requirement for the market risks as a result of banks' espial to foreign exchange, commodity derivatives and options within the Accord to address market risks. Basel II: In 1999, the committee proposed a new capital adequacy structure to succeed the 1988 Accords with a view to provide significantly more risk-sensitive capital requirements. The revised framework now incorporated three pillars related to minimum capital requirements, supervisory process and disclosure and market discipline. The new Accords standardized the banking rules and regulations for international banks. Along with addressing credit and market risks, these Accords also addressed operational risks and disclosure norms (Porter and Chiou, 2013). Additionally, it mandated the use of credit rating provided by external rating agencies to set the risk weights for various claims. Basel III: The poor governance and risk management on the part of banks led to mispricing of financial risk, and excess mortgage growth. To remove the flaws of Basel II that emerged during the 2008financial crisis, the committee proposed Basel III norms in 2010. The objective of the new Accords was to endorse a more strong banking system by focusing on criteria such as capital, debt,funding and liquidity. It also helps in addressing systematic risks. The new Accords defined the new capital and liquidity standards and strengthened the three pillars given by Basel II. Thus, Basel Accords are very helpful in mitigating the risks that the financial system is exposed to due to the nature of its work. Conclusion Reserve Bank of Australia plays a significant role in implementing monetary policy which is aimed at bringing the inflation rate in the country in the range of 2% to 3%. Moreover, the RBA is answerable to the Parliament for all its conduct and decisions. Also, the bank has to cooperate with other entities for achieving common objectives as per the regulations of the PGPA Act 2013. Additionally, it can be concluded that leverage is important in context of banks as it holds key to the safety if the shareholders money. Thus, banks are required to maintain adequate levels of debt and equity in their portfolio. Further, ADIs mitigate its financial risks by maintaining proper leverage ratios, using credit ratings and other tools. Along with this, BASEL Accords also provide useful guidelines for the same. References Akhter, S. and Hasan, M. Z. (2015) Contagion Risk for Australian Authorized Deposità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Taking Institutions,Economic Record,91(293), pp. 191-208. APRA (2013) Prudential Standard APS 112, Capital Adequacy: Standardized Approach to Credit Risk [Online]. Available at: https://www.apra.gov.au/adi/PrudentialFramework/Documents/Basel-III-Prudential-Standard-APS-112-(January-2013).pdf (Accessed: 29 July 2016). BIS (2011) Principles for the Sound Management of Operational Risk. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs195.pdf (Accessed: 29 July 2016). BIS (2015) History of the Basel Committee, Bank For International Settlements. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bis.org/bcbs/history.htm (Accessed: 29 July 2016). Carney, J. (2013) Everything you ever wanted to know about bank leverage rules, CNBC. [Online]. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/id/100880857 (Accessed: 28 July 2016). Downes, P., Hanslow, K. and Tulip, P. (2014)The effect of the mining boom on the Australian economy. Reserve Bank of Australia. Gans, J., King, S., Stonecash, R. and Mankiw, N. (2011) Principles of Economics. USA: Cengage Learning. Gorajek, A. and Turner, G. (2010) Australian Bank Capital and the Regulatory Framework. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2010/sep/6.html (Accessed: 28 July 2016). Greber, J Shapiro, J (2016) RBA joins race to the bottom, Australian Financial Review, 78 May. Haswell, C. (2016) Leverage is all the rage: The crucial future task for central banks, CITYA.M. [Online]. Available at: https://www.cityam.com/237836/leverage-is-all-the-rage-the-crucial-future-task-for-central-banks (Accessed: 28 July 2016). Hollifield, J., Martin, P. and Orrenius, P. (2014)Controlling immigration: A global perspective. Stanford University Press. Hull, J. (2012)Risk Management and Financial Institutions. USA: John Wiley Sons. Lannin, S. (2015) Australian banks need to increase capital reserves against losses: analyst, ABC News. [Online]. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-14/australian-banks-need-to-increase-capital-reserves/6617910 (Accessed: 28 July 2016). Porter, R.L. and Chiou, W.J.P. (2012) How has capital affected bank risk since implementation of the Basel accords. Bank and Banking Systems, 8(1), pp. 63-77. [Online]. Available at: https://businessperspectives.org/journals_free/bbs/2013/BBS_en_2013_01_Porter.pdf (Accessed: 29 July 2016). RBA (2016) Accountability. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/about-rba/accountability.html (Accessed: 29 July 2016). RBA (2016) Australian Economy Snapshot. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/snapshots/economy-snapshot/ (Accessed: 29 July 2016). RBA (2016) Statement by Glenn Stevens, Governor: Monetary Policy Decision, Media Release. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2016/mr-16-17.html (Accessed: 29 July 2016). Reserve Bank of Australia (2016) About Monetary Policy. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/monetary-policy/about.html (Accessed: 28 July 2016). The Parliament of CommonWealth of Australia (2013) Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Bill 2013. [Online]. Available at: www.pmra.finance.gov.au/files/2013/10/PGPA-EM.docx (Accessed: 29 July 2016). Tricker, B. (2015)Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. USA: Oxford University Press. Turner, G. (2011) Depositor Protection in Australia. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/dec/pdf/bu-1211-5.pdf (Accessed: 28 July 2016).

Organizational Learning Success

Introduction Many scholars have defined organizational learning while considering key areas such as knowledge creation, transfer and behavioral change or adjustment. A widely accepted definition is that organizational learning is an incessant process of knowledge creation and acquisition as well as transferring the same knowledge with an effect of causing behavioral modification.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Organizational Learning Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The end result is that there shall be a display of a different knowledge as well as possibility of resulting to a product which is highly valued (Nielson, 1997, p. 2).  Focus has for a long time been given to the knowledge transfer flow from the highly developed and industrial western world. To the contrary, the Asian part of the world, which is a catch up region in technology and economical progress, has shown great progress dra wing attention from other parts of the world. It has been observed that these regions Especially, China has shown great economic progress not necessarily by adopting the learning experience of the western parts of the World but by employing and following other means. As a result there has been a new focus on the learning and management systems that are used in this part of the world. Objectives The objectives of the project is examine critically the analyze any differences between the learning process of the western world that has traditionally been used and other knowledge transfer from other parts of the non-western world, with China and its Chinese-firms both in China as a republic and its investments in other neighboring nations such as Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong. The main purpose of the project is to clearly provide information that will help investors with an intention of establishing and running successful business operations in that region. The managers are supposed to use this information to come up with organizational learning strategies that will focus on incorporating the local staff, thus creating feasibility in their business operations in this region. Literature Review Because of the success in development in the Asian region, there has been a keen interest from investment non-western investors focusing the strategies used by china in its operations. The observation has shown that these nations have progressed successfully economically for the last thirty years, despite the fact that an economic downturn hit the region. The progress did not come with simplicity of a natural happening, but as a response from policy makers in the region to consider a re-assessment of developmental strategies for the region while borrowing so much to the organizational learning and systems of learning employed in china and its firms in Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong. Dierkes et al, (2003. P. 716) asserted that these firms have got a high level of resilience a s opposed to their main export competitors like Japan.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to resilience, the Chinese firms have shown an admirable level/degree of corporate flexibility and adoptability cushioning them against market fluctuations (Wolf, 2000, P. 8)  Scholars’ main concerns has been analysis of the viability of these Chinese and Chinese based firms to combat with social structural and frequent economic downturns in the region. Do these firms really have a competitive edge, with a generally accepted fact that they are small and medium sized firms? Can a focus be given to them shifting from the traditional western based learning and management systems? (Dierkes et al, 2003, p. 716). There is a new focus shift from the Large Firms to small and medium sized ones on Market. Characteristics of Chinese Based Firms Presently, Chinese based firms a re found in Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong. The firms are small and medium sized (Yeung et al. 2011, p. 34. In addition, these firms do not innovate in the processes of production but they imitate and use adoptive methods to compete in the market. As a result, they are characterized with a lack of significant access to advanced technologies and markets enjoyed by western based systems of Europe, Japan and USA (Dierkes et al, 2003, p. 716). Furthermore, the firms do not invest to a full extent in the field of research and development as do their highly competitive neighbors like Japan, instead most of their competitive edge comes from producing at live cycle phases of the products, although Jacobson Robertson point out that RD adopting has been proved that it has little technological revolution (2011, p. 274-275). Learning strategies and processes If these firms are small and medium in size, the biggest puzzle is then how do they gain entry to the competitive market and technology? They use adoptive and imitational methods to get the access (Yu, 2007). This has given them a competitive edge against the highly developed nations. The perspective is that these firms are late comers both in technology and to the markets. Chinese based firms create imitation and innovation through learning to learn the processes used by the western systems (Watkins Ehst, 2008, P. 4). Learning in networks Firms in these Chinese business regions of Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong create a network both locally and internationally with other established western systems. Since the firms are not innovative in nature, and owing to the fact that they are late comers to the technology and markets, they are subcontracted by large firms belonging to highly developed western systems to carry out production of high end goods. Through such contracts, Chinese firms and their allies acquire insights into the technology used its competitors, makes strategies to imitate and develop that technology to produce relatively high end goods for the market. Learning in this manner has the advantages of being quick and adoptive. This has highly enhanced their process of knowledge transfer, acquisition and utilization.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Organizational Learning Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Inter-firm cooperation The firms in this region of the world being late comers to the technological world of production strive to make their products better through knowledge accumulation and internalization leading to knowledge of producing goods already on market. (Dierkes et al. 2003, p.721). There exist also strategic alliances. Strategic alliances The alliances have a specific target. The point of interest is that they are brand specific, that is, big name brands. It seems that they understood the effective computational edge both technologically and marketwise these brand names pose to t hem. The best way to compete therefore was to form alliances, not only alliances but strategic alliances so that they are subcontracted to produce on behalf of the big-name brands. This is evident in the Chinese mobile phone industry (Cheung, 2005, p. 267) Forming strategic alliances is also another learning strategy employed by Chinese firms as their Learning process. They target brand name leaders of through formation of joint ventures with these innovative Firms. Their governments also give them some support. Government support One way of fostering organizational learning is through support from a government. Asian economies of Taiwan and Singapore have experienced growth, due to the governments’ creation of a supportive environment, especially to human resources.  Human resource is the learning part, thus its availability and skill level impacts learning positively. It is also characteristic of the Governments in these regions to provide and create favorable organizatio nal learning conditions through provision of basic human resource training, provision and spreading required production and marketing knowledge and giving subsides to research and development targeting majorly, strategic industries and Firms for knowledge transfer. Despite this, these firms still face some barriers to organizational learning. Available techniques of learning in the region Subcontracting versus design/development and marketing/distribution They all lead to organizational learning except that design and development is usually employed by western based systems. The most available is subcontracting where the goods are produced based on an original-equipment license. An advantage of subcontracting is that it is cost effective, facilitates access to cheap labor and reduces unfair market competitions as opposed to design and development.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research and development versus imitation Research and development is geared to knowledge creation by taking a product through its life cycle. Learning can also be achieved through imitation of a product which is already at its life cycle stage. Although both lead to learning in an organization, RD takes a long time and therefore is not entirely suitable for catch up economies in Asia. Diffusion of technology versus human resource training Diffusion of technology involves the western systems that transfer knowledge to non-western systems like china and its firms through global networks. On the other hand, another available technique applicable in the region is creation of knowledge through training to create skilled human resource, in the field of foreign technology and market trends. The notable difference between the two is that human resource training lacks that ability to expose a learning organization to a hands-on experience in the long short term. Diffusion on the other hand, lacks active learning process of the local firms. Types or organizations found in the region As mentioned earlier, the firms based in china and its foreign establishments are small and medium sized enterprises. This does not entirely exclude the large firms. Small and medium scale firms are the most developed, toy firms, electronics, textiles and garments and foot ware. Barriers to organizational learning in the Chinese based firms Chinese enterprises are still in the catch up stages. Catch up strategy by imitation is an entirely favorable system particularly when the concern is directed to products that require advanced technology throughout their production. This is seen in the production of high end electronic good like computers and the software development industries, which require a specific path to complete the process of production. In this case, catch up Chinese firms have to reassess their crash research and development programs are known to lack the capability to duplica te a successful technology (Cheung, 2005, p.267).These firms have are vulnerable to under financing due to lack of technological underdevelopment thus they are exposed market fluctuations as compared to large enterprises found in Japan and South Korea. On the overseas perspective, Chinese firms In Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore lack access to advanced technology used by large western enterprises, as well as large advanced markets of enjoyed by the western based models of organizational learning. Conclusion It can be concluded that the success of Chinese firms lies in their resiliency to market fluctuations and their flexibility to adopt new technologies and market conquest by adopting imitational strategies as well as creation of networks both globally and locally with the advanced systems of the western world. Despite their success, they should review their research and development strategies for high end goods like computers and computer programs which require long term research and development goals for duplication of a successful technology. Also, linkage creation with firms that already have a firm foothold in the global economy should be nurtured since it creates an immediate oversight into global market paces and trends, as well as technology advancement. Besides, their strategies should be geared towards capacity building to exploit knowledge emerging opportunities available in these linkages. Reference List Cheung, C., 2005. Technology transfer and competition: The Mobile Handset Industry in post-WTO. Hamburg: Gabler Verlag. Dierkes, et al., 2003. Handbook of Organizational Learning Knowledge. NY: Oxford Publishers. Jacobson, D Robertson, L, 2011. Knowledge transfer and technology diffusion. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing limited. Neilson, R., 1997. Collaborative Technologies and Organizational Learning. London Idea Group Inc. Watkins, A.J. Ehst, M., 2008. Science and technology and innovation: capacity building for sustainable growth and pov erty reduction. Washington DC: World Bank Publications. Wolf, C., 2000. Asian Economic Trends and their Security Implications. Arlington: Rand Corporation. Yeung, et al., 2011. The Globalization of Chinese Companies: Strategies for Conquering International Markets. Singapore: John Wiley Sons. Yu, F.T., 2007. Taiwan’s economic transformation in evolutionary perspective: Entrepreneurship, innovation systems and government. NY: Nova Publishers. This critical writing on Organizational Learning Success was written and submitted by user Aria Richardson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.